Vielen Dank, meine lieben Leser und Leserinnen, dass Sie mir durch den Kauf meiner Bücher helfen, meine Geschichtsstudien weiterführen und das Betreiben dieser Webseite finanzieren zu können. Sie können meine Bücher übrigens durch Amazon weltweit, z. B. in Deutschland, Großbritannien, Frankreich, Italien, den USA, Australien und in Japan, erwerben. Das obige Foto von mir stammte aus dem Jahr 1970. Die Disziplin Geschichte war schon immer meine große Leidenschaft.
Thank you so much, my dear readers, for helping me to continue my historical studies and to finance this website by purchasing my books. By the way, you can buy my books worldwide through Amazon, for example in Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, the USA, Australia, and Japan. The photo above was taken in 1970. History has always been my great passion.
Eine Beschreibung von Sophie von der Pfalz (1630-1714), der Kurfürstin von Hannover, bezüglich Maria Teresa, der sie im Jahr 1679 auf ihrer Reise an den königlichen Hof in Frankreich begegnet war: "I was struck by the dazzling whiteness of her skin, and thought her much handsomer seen near than at a distance, for her figure was bad, the back too broad and the neck too short, which gave her a thickset appearance. Her lips were a brilliant scarlet, but the teeth discoloured and decayed. ... she cared only for eating and dressing, the two things that suited her best." (in: Memoirs of Sophia, Electress of Hanover: 1630-1680, id., pp. 222-223/227).
Urteil der Madame de Montespan bezüglich Maria Teresa von Spanien: "[Maria Teresas] speeches and actions are of the simplest, most commonplace kind. Were it not for the King, she would pass her life in a dressing-gown, night-cap, and slippers. At Court ceremonies and on gala-days, she never appears to be in a good humour; everything seems to weigh her down, notably her diamonds. ... When coming among us, she contrived to bring with her Molina, the daughter of her nurse, a sort of comedy confidante, who soon gave herself Court airs, and who managed to form a regular little Court of her own. Without her sanction nothing can be obtained of the Queen. My lady Molina is the great, the small, and the unique counsellor of the princess, and the King, like the others, remains submissive to her decisions and her inspection. French cookery, by common consent, is held to be well-nigh perfect in its excellence; yet the Infanta [Maria Teresa] could never get used to our dishes. The Señora Molina, well furnished with silver kitchen utensils, has a sort of private kitchen or scullery reserved for her own use, and there it is that the manufacture takes place of clove-scented chocolate, brown soups and gravies, stews redolent with garlic, capsicums, and nutmeg, and all that nauseous pastry in which the young Infanta revels." (in: Memoirs of Madame la Marquise de Montespan – Being Historic Memoirs of the Court of Louis XIV., Volume 1, pp. 63-64).
Maria Teresa war das achte Kind des spanischen Königs Philipp IV. und seiner ersten Gattin Elisabeth von Frankreich (auch Isabella von Bourbon genannt). Sie erblickte am 20. September 1638 das Licht der Welt [nicht am 10. September; Historische Quelle: Die Habsburger - Ein biographisches Lexikon, herausgegeben von Brigitte Hamann, Wien 1988 (dritte Ausgabe), S. 339: "Maria Teresa (Marie Thérèse), Königin von Frankreich, Tochter von König Philipp IV. von Spanien und Isabella von Bourbon, geb. 20.9.1638 in El Escorial, gest. 30.7.1683 in Versailles ...]. Von ihren sieben älteren Geschwistern war zu dieser Zeit nur noch ihr Bruder Baltasar Carlos (1629-1646) am Leben.
Man hatte in Spanien immer gehofft, dass man durch die Heirat der Prinzessin Maria Teresa mit ihrem Cousin, dem französischen König Ludwig XIV., Frieden zwischen den beiden Königreichen schaffen könnte. Schließlich gab es ja noch ihren Bruder Baltasar Carlos, der dem Vater als der nächste König von Spanien folgen konnte. Als jedoch Baltasar Carlos am 9. Oktober 1646 starb, hatte man mit dem geplanten Heiratsprojekt ein Problem. Der spanische König hatte jetzt nur noch ein Kind: seine Tochter Maria Teresa, die ihm nun als der nächste Monarch von Spanien folgen musste, es sei denn, ihr Vater würde noch einmal heiraten und Söhne bekommen: "The brother [Baltasar Carlos] of that princess [Maria Teresa] had been all along a feeble boy, and the prospect of his sister's ultimate succession to the Crown, was such as to render her a match desirable to the French nation; and in return for which, advantageous terms of peace might be procured. But now, when, in consequences of Balthazar's death, she had become the actual heiress to the Spanish monarchy, and Princess of Asturias [Titel des spanischen Thronfolgers], she could not, by the customs of the nation, be united to a foreign potentate. In consequence of the loss of his son and of his queen [Elisabeth von Frankreich, die Mutter von Baltasar Carlos und Maria Teresa, die im Jahr 1644 gestorben war], Philip was led to form and to acknowledge less respectable and less legitimate connexions." (in: John Dunlop: Memoirs of Spain – During the reign of Philip IV. and Charles II. From 1621 to 1700, Vol 1, id., pp. 380-381).
Links neben dem Bräutigam befinden sich von links nach rechts: sein Bruder Philippe (1640-1701), der zu uns blickt, seine Mutter Anna (1601-1666), die älteste Schwester des spanischen Königs Philipp IV., und der wichtigste Berater und Freund seiner Mutter, der Kardinal Jules Mazarin (1602-1661).
Die erste Begegnung von Madame de Motteville, einer Hofdame der französischen Königin Anna, mit der frommen Maria Teresa von Spanien im Jahr 1660, bevor sie mit ihrem Cousin ersten Grades, dem französischen König Ludwig XIV., verheiratet werden sollte: "The infanta-queen [Maria Teresa von Spanien] was small, but well-made. We admired the most dazzling whiteness of complexion ever seen ... Her blue eyes seemed to us fine; they charmed us with their sweetness and brilliancy. We praised the beauty of her mouth and lips, which were rather full and fascinating. The outline of her face was long, but the lower part being rounded pleased us; and her cheeks, rather fat, but handsome, had their share of praise. Her hair was that silvery blond which suits so perfectly the beautiful colours of her complexion. To tell the truth, with greater height of figure and finer teeth she would have deserved to be ranked among the handsomest women in Europe ... Her bust seemed to us well made, and sufficiently plump; but her clothing was horrible. Neither the style nor the fashion of it charmed our eyes. ... [Die Kleidung der spanischen Hofdamen von Maria Teresa wird beschrieben:] Their little sleeves were slashed in the worst style; they wore scarcely any linen, and their laces seemed to us ugly, their hanging sleeves were devoid of grace, and their guard-infanta (hoop), was a semi-round and monstrous machine, which seemed to be made of several barrel hoops sewn inside their petticoats; except that ordinary hoops are round, while their guard-infantas were flattened a little before and behind, and projected wider at the sides. When they walked, this machine moved up and down, giving them a most ugly appearance. Their finest coiffure was broad, and of false hair; their foreheads, too much uncovered and without curls, had no charm. Some wore their hair knotted behind, with locks tied here and there by ribbons, which are ugly in Spain. ... The infanta-queen wore her hair dressed in the grand style on the day of her marriage [es war eine Heirat per procurationem]. Her gown was white, of a rather ugly stuff embroidered with talc, silver being forbidden in Spain. She wore precious stones set in a great deal of gold. Her beautiful hair was hidden by a sort of white cape around her head which was more fitted to disfigure than adorn her ... Her own hair was not visible; she wore that they call in Spanish monos, meaning false hair." (in: Memoirs of Madame de Motteville, Volume 3, id., pp. 200-202).
Die Hochzeit, beschrieben von Madame de Motteville, die anwesend sein durfte: "The young queen [Maria Teresa] woke in the morning, June 9th, and the Duchesse de Navailles, who had the honour of dressing her, fulfilled on this occasion the duties of lady of honour and lady-in-waiting. She had some trouble in making the closed crown hold firmly on the queen's head; which was dressed with her own hair solely. There were no means of fastening it, except to tie it, in the Spanish fashion, with ribbons at the bottom fastened to those which bound the head, - a style of coiffure different from that she wore on the day of the wedding [per procurationem] at Fontarabia, but quite elegant. She wore the royal robes dotted with little golden fleurs-de-lis, - a fine costume. Besides the honour conveyed in wearing it, it is certainly more becoming than any other. It consists of a petticoat-body and sleeves, with a petticoat of the same, scattered over with golden fleurs-de-lis. Over this was the royal mantle, fastened to the upper part of the petticoat-body, and falling to the ground, with a very long train, the end of which was cut round. The king wore a black costume, and no jewels. They went together to the church along an open gallery a little higher than the street, which had been built for the purpose, from the house of the queen-mother to the church. There the queen was placed beside the king under a high dais of violet velvet, sown with gold fleurs-de-lis ... When the king and queen were placed under the marriage canopy, and the time had come to make them kiss the pax, it was Cardinal Mazarin who gave it to them, and who then bore it to the queen-mother, his true benefactress and mistress. She was placed to the right of the king, on a high platform separated from his and covered with black velvet ... The king, the two queens, and Monsieur [der jüngere Bruder von Ludwig XIV., Philippe] dined together. The young queen, on leaving the church had lain down to rest awhile; then she rose and dressed herself in a costume of white cloth of silver made in the French fashion. She then went up to the apartment of the queen-mother; they were together for some time in private in her little chamber, no one being present but the Comtesse de Flex, the Duchesse de Navailles, Madame de Noailles, the Comtesse del Priego, and myself. The queens after this went out, to show themselves a little to the public, and to watch the king, who took pleasure in flinging to the populace the money which had been struck, as usual, for the occasion. After a time they all, that is, the king, the two queens, Monsieur, and Cardinal Mazarin, retired to the little chamber of the queen-mother. They sat there in the alcove of the bed and talked of indifferent matters. When it was dark the young queen left the house of the queen-mother and went to that of the king, conducted by him and accompanied by the queen-mother and Monsieur. I do not know who was at the king's house, for I was not there. Their Majesties supped in public ... and immediately afterwards the king desired to go to bed. The queen said to the queen her aunt, with tears in her eyes ... 'It is too soon,' which was the only moment of annoyance she had shown since her arrival, and which her modesty now forced her to feel; but finally, on their telling her that the king was undressed, she sat down on two hassocks beside her bed to do likewise, without placing herself at her toilet-table. She wished to gratify the king, even in what shocked in some degree the modesty that had made her dismiss all men from her room, even her personal officers. She then undressed without making any difficulty, and on being told that the king awaited her she said these very words: ...'Quick, quick! the king expects me.' After an obedience so exact, which we may suspect to have been mingled with passion, they went to bed, with the blessing of the queen their mother. ... the king showed the greatest tenderness for the queen, and she for him. She told him she had no will but his, and that she had quitted the king her father, whom she loved tenderly, her country, and all that had ever been offered to her, to give herself wholly to him; that she did it with all her heart, but she entreated him to grant her in return the favour of allowing her to be always with him, and that he would never propose to leave her, because it would be to her the greatest pain she could receive. The king granted this request so willingly that he at once commanded the grand-master of the household never to separate the queen and himself, no matter how small the house might be." (in: Memoirs of Madame de Motteville, Volume 3, id., pp. 213-216).
Ihre Ehe war wie so viele Ehen in der Vergangenheit aus politischen Gründen geschlossen worden. Mit ihr sollte nach der langen Kriegsperiode zwischen Spanien und Frankreich - von 1635 bis 1659 - endlich der Frieden zwischen diesen beiden Monarchien gefestigt werden. "Um bei einer möglichen Thronvakanz in Spanien die Anwartschaft des französischen Königshauses auszuschließen, verzichtete Maria Teresa vor der Hochzeit auf den spanischen Thron und erhielt als Entschädigung eine hohe Mitgift. Unregelmäßigkeiten bei der Zahlung dieser Mitgift bewogen König Ludwig später zu dem Versuch, die Ansprüche seiner Gemahlin durch die Eroberung der spanischen Niederlande im Devolutionskrieg (1667/68) durchzusetzen. Die Intervention Hollands, Englands und Schwedens zwangen Frankreich aber zum Rückzug." (in: Die Habsburger: Ein biographisches Lexikon, ebenda, S. 340).
Madame de Motteville berichtet: "The young queen [Maria Teresa] told us herself, later, what she had felt for the king from her childhood. She did us, Madame de Navailles and me, the honour to tell us one evening that she had always regarded the king as destined to be her husband; that not only had she loved the king, but she had even loved his portraits; that the queen her mother, daughter of France, had often told her that to be happy she must be Queen of France; and that she wished to see her wear that crown, or else a veil. In the love she now felt for the king we soon saw her 'pass all bounds and reach her happy end.'" (in: Memoirs of Madame de Motteville, Volume 3, id., pp. 216-217).
"Marie Thérèse was dull, ignorant, and bigoted. She had been brought up in the most cramping traditions of Spanish etiquette, and had not a wish or thought beyond the narrow circle in which she moved. All her actions and movements were governed by the most rigid regard for ceremonial. She referred to Court Chamberlains for leave to embrace her father, and held out her skirt to be kissed by her own children. She fenced herself in, with a new code of minute regulations, and withdrew herself as much as possible from contact with any but her immediate attendants. Her time was divided between eating and dressing, cards, and church-going. She ate voraciously, and was greedily afraid lest her favourite morsels should be handed to others at table. She had a passion for cards, and played extremely badly, much to the satisfaction of her ladies, who won large sums from their royal mistress. But she had a kind heart, and was a pious and devout woman. It was her misfortune to be fondly attached to the husband with whom she had so little in common, and whose infidelities were destined to give her such deep and constant distress." (in: Julia Mary Cartwright Ady: Madame, a life of Henrietta, daughter of Charles I. and Duchess of Orleans, id., p. 96).
Maria Teresa hatte mit ihrem Gatten, dem französischen König Ludwig XIV., sechs Kinder, von denen jedoch nur ihr ältestes Kind, ihr Sohn Ludwig (1661-1711), das Erwachsenenalter erreichte. Ihre Kinder waren: 1. Ludwig oder Louis, geboren am 1. November 1661, gestorben am 14. April 1711; 2. Anne Élisabeth, geboren am 18. November 1662, gestorben am 30. Dezember 1662 ["The little Princess was only a few weeks old, when she died, a victim to the ignorance of the Court physicians who, as usual, insisted on bleeding her]; 3. Marie Anne, geboren am 16. November 1664, gestorben am 26. Dezember 1664 [Maria Teresa war vor der Geburt sehr krank geworden: "An attack of fever brought on a premature confinement, and for some weeks the Queen's life was in imminent danger ... Mademoiselle [Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans] describes the crowds which thronged the sick chamber ... Marie Thérèse eventually recovered, but the baby, a little girl who was christened Marie Anne, and had Madame [Henriette Anna Stuart, die Herzogin von Orléans] for her godmother, died in December."]; 4. Marie-Thérèse, geboren am 2. Januar 1667, gestorben am 1. März 1672; 5. Philippe Charles, geboren am 2. August 1668 [in: Julia Mary Cartwright Ady: Madame, a life of Henrietta, daughter of Charles I. and Duchess of Orleans, id., p. 294], gestorben am 10. Juli 1671; und 6. Louis François, geboren am 14. Juni 1672, gestorben am 4. November 1672. Laut der Mätresse ihres Gatten, der Madame de Montespan, soll Maria Teresa insgesamt fünf Töchter auf die Welt gebracht haben. Da die Geburt von Töchtern auch im 17. Jahrhundert zu keiner großen Freude Anlass gab, könnten die Informationen von zwei Töchtern verloren gegangen sein. Eine Tochter könnte schon wenige Tage oder am Tag der Geburt gestorben sein, die andere Tochter wird von Madame de Montespan in ihren Memoiren als missgestaltet bezeichnet. Sie soll - wie es Tradition für viele Jahrhunderte in den adligen Kreisen war -, an eine Bauernfamilie gegeben worden sein, wo man vermutlich hoffte, dass sie dort aus hygienischen Gründen bald sterben würde. Laut Madame de Montespan überlebte die kleine Prinzessin jedoch die gesundheitlich gefährlichen Jahre auf dem Lande und wurde schließlich in ein Kloster gesteckt, wo sie jene - aus Neugierde - aufgesucht hätte.
Als dieses obige Porträt von ihr und ihrem ältesten Sohn Ludwig erstellt wurde, hatte sie schon ein Kind, ihre Tochter Anne Élisabeth, verloren, die nur vom 18. November 1662 bis zum 30. Dezember 1662 gelebt hatte.
Die Geburt ihres ältesten Sohnes, des Dauphins Ludwig, der das Lieblingskind seines Vaters und seiner Mutter werden sollte: "When the child came into the world, at five minutes before midday on the first of November [1661] ... he was heir-presumptive of the two great kingdoms of France and Spain [sein Großvater mütterlicherseits, Philipp IV. von Spanien, hatte gerade seinen bisher letzten Sohn verloren] ...The queen [Maria Teresa] was very ill at her delivery and in peril of her life. While she was in her great pains the king [Ludwig XIV.] seemed so much distressed and so keenly touched with sorrow that he left no room for doubt that the love he felt for her was deeper in his heart than that for others [z. B. für Mademoiselle de La Vallière]. He went at five o'clock in the morning to confess and receive the communion; and after imploring divine protection, he gave himself wholly to the care of assisting her who, suffering for him, gave him at every moment signs of tenderness; so that the precious infant, entering the world, was in himself not only a tie that bound still closer the two royal persons from whom he drew his life, but in the act of being born he became, by the pain and joy he gave them, a mark infallible of their affection." (in: Memoirs of Madame de Motteville, Volume 3, id., p. 268).
Maria Teresa im November 1664, bei der Geburt ihres dritten Kindes, ihrer Tochter Marie Anne: "On the 4th of November [1664] the queen was taken dangerously ill. Her illness began with a tertian fever attended by unfortunate accidents. She had great pains in the legs, and these, which were very violent, were followed by her delivery at eight months of a princess which lived but a few days. The next day, the queen had convulsions which made them fear her death. The king ... showed very tender sentiments for the queen. He wept, and his grief, besides the marks he gave her of his affection, he showed his faith. He distributed quantities of money to the poor, and he sent to the prisons to release the prisoners; he made vows for the life of a queen he esteemed for her virtue ... He said to the Maréchal de Villeroy, while she was in travail, that although it would be a great misfortune for him to lose a child, he could be consoled for that, provided God did him the favour to preserve the queen's life, and also that his child could be baptized. God restored the queen to the king, the queen-mother, and to France. She recovered on the 18th of November, after taking an emetic." (in: Memoirs of Madame de Motteville, Volume 3, id., pp. 308-309).
mit drei von ihren sechs Kindern neben ihrem Gatten, dem französischen König Ludwig XIV., ihrer Schwiegermutter und gleichzeitig Tante Anna (in der Mitte als ältere Dame und dreimal als junge Frau), und ihrem Schwager Philippe von Orléans und dessen Gattin, Henriette Anna von England (1644-1670) (vierte Person von links), und deren Tochter Marie Louise (1662-1689) (dritte Person von links), die im Jahr 1679 Maria Teresas Halbbruder Karl II. (1661-1700), den König von Spanien, heiraten sollte, und außen links die Mutter von Henriette Anna von England, die englische Königin Henriette Maria von Frankreich, die in Frankreich Asyl gefunden hatte
Maria Teresa ist auf diesem Gemälde gleich zweimal abgebildet: als die Göttin Diana (die Göttin ist identifizierbar durch ihr Symbol des "Halbmondes") und als Mutter von drei Kindern, bei denen es sich um ihren ältesten Sohn Ludwig (1661-1711) (links von ihr als der kleine Liebesgott), ihren zweiten Sohn Philippe Charles (1668-1671) (rechts von ihr, ebenfalls als kleiner Liebesgott) und ihre dritte Tochter Marie-Thérèse (1667-1672) (vor ihren Füßen) handelt. Auf dem kleinen Bild links unten sind die bereits verstorbenen Töchter Anne Élisabeth und Marie Anne dargestellt worden. Das Gemälde muss im Jahr 1670 oder Anfang 1671 erstellt worden sein, da ihr Sohn Philippe Charles sich noch unter den Lebenden befindet und ihr letztes Kind, ihr dritter Sohn Louis François, noch keine "Erwähnung" gefunden hat.
Ludwig XIV. und seine Familie liebten es, sich am Abend in Maskeraden zu amüsieren. Sehr gern verkleideten sie sich dann als römische Götter und Göttinnen. Am liebsten stellte sich der französische König in diesem Fall als der römische Sonnengott Apollo dar.
mit ihrem Sohn, dem Dauphin Ludwig (links), dem Vater des Täuflings, und ihrer Nichte Anne Marie d'Orléans (in der Mitte), deren dunkles Haar unter einer blonden Perücke versteckt wurde
Von Liselotte von der Pfalz, der Herzogin von Orléans, werden wir über die letzten Tage ihrer Schwägerin Maria Teresa, der Königin von Frankreich, informiert. So lesen wir in einem ihrer Briefe an ihre Tante Sophie, der Kurfürstin von Hannover, Folgendes: "... sie [Maria Teresa] in vier tagen zeit, daß sie kranck geweßen, vor meinen augen so den geist auffgeben sehen. Montags nacht [am 26. Juli 1683] bekam sie das fieber undt vergangenen Freitag umb 3 uhr nachmittags [am 30. Juli 1683] ist sie verschieden ..." (in: Dirk Van der Cruysse: „Madame sein ist ein ellendes Handwerk“: Liselotte von der Pfalz – eine deutsche Prinzessin am Hof des Sonnenkönigs, S. 302).
Frauen in der Renaissance – 30 Einzelschicksale
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